COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Psychology

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‹date/time›A2 PSYCHOLOGY

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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Psychology

A2 PSYC= HOLOGY

LANA CROSBIE

SLIDE 1

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=

ANIMAL NAVIGATION <= /span>

q To Navigate means to find one̵= 7;s way.<= /span>

q Homing – An animal trying to find a specific target, such as one’s home, point of origin,

or a food store. (Perdeck 1958) Adult starlings adjusted their flying direction to take acc= ount

of their displa= ced starting position, after Perdeck arranged the starlings to be moved from t= he

Netherlands to Switzerland.

Migrant birds a= lso navigate to get home, to their place of origin, this is called homing= .

q Migration – Is defined as long distance t= ravel, usually with a return, to specific

locations (Grier & Burk, 1992). Migration is found in many species of birds and

fish and genera= lly involves large numbers of animals travelling together. Also the distances&= #13;

involved can be impressive. Golden plovers have been known to fly 2400 miles non – s= top

from Labrador in Canada to South America.

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A2 PSYC= HOLOGY

LANA CROSBIE

SLIDE 2

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=

INSTINCTUAL INFLUENCES =

qThe initiation of migratory behaviour is largely u= nder instinctual control.

q Migration evolved to cope with the differing environmental locations of food, warmth

and mating sites.

q Some species have therefore, devel= oped an instinctual behavioural tendenc= y to migrate,

this seems to be triggered by environmental cues, such as temperature and day length rather

than experience= or imitation.

q Instinctual influences does not ex= plain the precise location of original home sites on the

return journey – clearly learning is required for this.

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A2 PSYC= HOLOGY

LANA CROSBIE

SLIDE 3

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=

LEARNING OF LANDMARKS <= /b>

q The precise location of home sites= can be explained by experience – animals

     simply= learn landmarks on the way out and ‘reverse the order on the way back’

     (Ridley, 1995).=

q&#= 13;

=

=

=

q Tinb= ergen and Kruyt (1938) – showed how digger wasps learn the environmental landmarks

     surrounding the= ir burrow. If landmarks are moved, the wasps will search for their burrow = ;

     in the wrong pl= ace. [see diagrams above]        = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;           CONT…

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A2 PSYC= HOLOGY

LANA CROSBIE

SLIDE 4

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition =

LEARNING OF LANDMARKS cont.=

&= #13;

q Lear= ning can explain short range locations, it is less satisfactory explanation of =

     migration.

q&#= 13;

q The amount of landmarks, on a long journey, would be enormous and all need to be

     recognised in r= everse order on the return journey!

=

q Even= if this does occur , it does not explain when a animal is blown or moved ‘off course’.

=

q This= is led to researchers to investigate whether true navigational ability is found in animals.

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A2 PSYC= HOLOGY

LANA CROSBIE

SLIDE 5

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition =

TRUE NAVIGATIONAL ABILITY&#= 13;

q Perd= eck (1958) found that although juvenile European Starlings would migrate <= /span>

     according = to a general compass direction, adult starlings had developed navigational

     skills and could adjust their flight if artificially moved to the south.

q True navigation, as opposed to route learning, should only be suspected, howeve= r, if animals

     are taken to completely unfamiliar locations and still manage to find their way home.&#= 13;

= ;

q True navigation seems to be an inn= ate ability which improves with practise.

q =

q Compass in animals – Pigeons= use the position of the sun plus an internal clock.

q =

q Magnets in animals – Pigeons= , bees and migratory fish have been found to possess magnetite =

    particles in their bodies.

q =

q =

q

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A2 PSYC= HOLOGY

LANA CROSBIE

SLIDE 6

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition =

EXAM QUESTIONS

§ (a) Outline two ex= planations of animal navigation. (12 marks)

§ (b) Evaluate the two ex= planations of animal navigation that you outlined in part (a) in terms of relevant &#= 13;

      research studies. (12 marks)

= 3;

§ Discuss two explanations of animal navigation.      (24 marks)

= 3;

§ Critically consider research studi= es into homing and / or migrati= on in non – human animals.

   (24 marks)

= 3;

q

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if(SldHasTrans()) SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv else AutoAdv() } function AutoAdv() { if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return var sld=3DGetCurSld() if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay) } function GetObj(id) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id); else return document.getElementById(id); } function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; } function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la= stIndexOf('/')+1) } function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx= tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl= e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false } function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name } function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") } function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) } function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"= && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) } function SupportsPPTHTML() { var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0 if( msie >=3D 0 ) ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) ) else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) || (event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) ) parent.GoToNextSld(); } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D6, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_H= REF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0005.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0014.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="us-ascii" COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Psychology ------=_NextPart_01C589F3.05C8C870 Content-Location: file:///C:/C53256B1/COMPARATIVEPSYCHOLOGY_animapsych_part1_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

No= tes

Slide Show

Outline

1

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition

ANIMAL NAVIGATION

To Navigate means to f= ind one’s way.

Homing – An anim= al trying to find a specific target, such as one’s home, point of origin,

     or = a food store. (Perdeck 1958) Adult starlings adjusted their flying directio= n to take account

     of = their displaced starting position, after Perdeck arranged the starlings to= be moved from the

     Netherlands to Switzerland.

     Mig= rant birds also navigate to get home, to their place of origin, this is called homing.

Migration – Is d= efined as long distance travel, usually with a return, to specific

     loc= ations (Grier & Burk, 1992). Migration= is found in many species of birds and

     fis= h and generally involves large numbers of animals travelling together. Also the distances

     inv= olved can be impressive. Golden plovers have been known to fly 2400 miles = non – stop

     from Labrador in Canada to South America.

2

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition

INSTINCTUAL INFLUENCES

The initiation of migratory behaviour is largely under instinctual control.

Migration evolved to c= ope with the differing environmental locations of food, warmth

     and mating sites.

Some species have ther= efore, developed an instinctual behavioural tendency to migrate,

     this seems to be triggered by environmental cues, such as temperature and= day length rather

     than experience or imitation.

Instinctual influences= does not explain the precise location of original home sites on the

     ret= urn journey – clearly learning is required for this.

3

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition

LEARNING OF LANDMARKS

The precise location o= f home sites can be explained by experience – animals

     sim= ply learn landmarks on the= way out and ‘reverse the order on the way back’

     (Ri= dley, 1995).

Tinbergen and Kruyt (1= 938) – showed how digger wasps learn the environmental landmarks
     surrounding their burrow. If landmarks are moved, the wasps w= ill search for their burrow

     in = the wrong place. [see diagrams above]       = ;            &n= bsp;            = ;            &n= bsp;            CONT…

4

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition

LEARNING OF LANDMARKS cont.

Learning can explain s= hort range locations, it is less satisfactory explanation of

     migration.

The amount of landmark= s, on a long journey, would be enormous and all need to be

     recognised in reverse order on the return journey!

Even if this does occu= r , it does not explain when a animal is blown or moved ‘off course’.

This is led to researc= hers to investigate whether true navigational ability is found in animals= .

5

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition

TRUE NAVIGATIONAL ABILITY

Perdeck (1958) found t= hat although juvenile European Starlings would migrate

     acc= ording to a general compass direction, adult starlings had developed navigational

     ski= lls and could adjust their flight if artificially moved to the south.

True navigation, as op= posed to route learning, should only be suspected, however, if animals

     are= taken to completely unfamiliar locations and still manage to find their way home.

True navigation seems = to be an innate ability which improves with practise.

Compass in animals = 211; Pigeons use the position of the sun plus an internal clock.

Magnets in animals = 211; Pigeons, bees and migratory fish have been found to possess magnetit= e

    particles= in their bodies.

6

COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition

EXAM QUESTIONS

(a) Outline two expla= nations of animal navigation. (12 marks)

(b) Evaluate the two = explanations of animal navigation that you outlined in part (a) in terms of rele= vant

      research studies. (12 marks)

Discuss two explanati= ons of animal navigation.      = (24 marks)

Critically consider research studies into homing and&n= bsp; / or migration in non – human animals.

   (24 mar= ks)

= = = =
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1	COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Cognition ANIMAL NAVIGATION To Navigate means to f= ind one’s way. Homing – An anim= al trying to find a specific target, such as one’s home, point of origin, or = a food store. (Perdeck 1958) Adult starlings adjusted their flying directio= n to take account of = their displaced starting position, after Perdeck arranged the starlings to= be moved from the Netherlands to Switzerland. Mig= rant birds also navigate to get home, to their place of origin, this is called homing. Migration – Is d= efined as long distance travel, usually with a return, to specific loc= ations (Grier & Burk, 1992). Migration= is found in many species of birds and fis= h and generally involves large numbers of animals travelling together. Also the distances inv= olved can be impressive. Golden plovers have been known to fly 2400 miles = non – stop from Labrador in Canada to South America.
2	COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Cognition INSTINCTUAL INFLUENCES The initiation of migratory behaviour is largely under instinctual control. Migration evolved to c= ope with the differing environmental locations of food, warmth and mating sites. Some species have ther= efore, developed an instinctual behavioural tendency to migrate, this seems to be triggered by environmental cues, such as temperature and= day length rather than experience or imitation. Instinctual influences= does not explain the precise location of original home sites on the ret= urn journey – clearly learning is required for this.
3	COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Cognition LEARNING OF LANDMARKS The precise location o= f home sites can be explained by experience – animals sim= ply learn landmarks on the= way out and ‘reverse the order on the way back’ (Ri= dley, 1995). Tinbergen and Kruyt (1= 938) – showed how digger wasps learn the environmental landmarks surrounding their burrow. If landmarks are moved, the wasps w= ill search for their burrow in = the wrong place. [see diagrams above] = ; &n= bsp; = ; &n= bsp; CONT…
4	COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Cognition LEARNING OF LANDMARKS cont. Learning can explain s= hort range locations, it is less satisfactory explanation of migration. The amount of landmark= s, on a long journey, would be enormous and all need to be recognised in reverse order on the return journey! Even if this does occu= r , it does not explain when a animal is blown or moved ‘off course’. This is led to researc= hers to investigate whether true navigational ability is found in animals= .
5	COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Cognition TRUE NAVIGATIONAL ABILITY Perdeck (1958) found t= hat although juvenile European Starlings would migrate acc= ording to a general compass direction, adult starlings had developed navigational ski= lls and could adjust their flight if artificially moved to the south. True navigation, as op= posed to route learning, should only be suspected, however, if animals are= taken to completely unfamiliar locations and still manage to find their way home. True navigation seems = to be an innate ability which improves with practise. Compass in animals = 211; Pigeons use the position of the sun plus an internal clock. Magnets in animals = 211; Pigeons, bees and migratory fish have been found to possess magnetit= e particles= in their bodies.
6	COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Cognition EXAM QUESTIONS (a) Outline two expla= nations of animal navigation. (12 marks) (b) Evaluate the two = explanations of animal navigation that you outlined in part (a) in terms of rele= vant research studies. (12 marks) Discuss two explanati= ons of animal navigation. = (24 marks) Critically consider research studies into homing and&n= bsp; / or migration in non – human animals. (24 mar= ks)